作者：籍萬杰
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞,從歷屆高考試題來看,不定式和分詞是考查的重點(diǎn)。下面結(jié)合高考試題,對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的作用及其區(qū)別分別加以說明。
一、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)
能作主語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有不定式和動(dòng)名詞。兩者的區(qū)別是:表示某一具體的動(dòng)作時(shí),多用不定式;表示比較抽象的一般的行為傾向時(shí),多用動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)通常位于句首;不定式作主語(yǔ)則常置于句末,用it作形式主語(yǔ)放在句首。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
In fact ________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
答案:D
二、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作賓語(yǔ)
不定式和動(dòng)名詞可作介詞或動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),具體用法詳見本報(bào)第2期和第6期。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
①Victor apologized for ________ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able
B. him not to be able
C. his not being able
D. him to be not able
②We agree ________ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting
C. to meet D. to have met
答案:① C ② C
三、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
能作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞,用哪種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式往往取決于前面動(dòng)詞的句型和不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的意義。
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法和區(qū)別詳見本報(bào)第3期、第5期和第6期。下面筆者著重講一下不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的情況。
1. 能接帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:ask,tell,force,get,allow,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,intend,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,permit,request,order, warn,cause等,表示賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)執(zhí)行不定式的動(dòng)作(具有"主動(dòng)"的意義),而且不定式的動(dòng)作多發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后(具有"將來"的意義)。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
My advisor encouraged ________ a summer course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
答案:D
2. 使役動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞能接不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和帶to的不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。常見的使役動(dòng)詞有make,let,have等;感官動(dòng)詞有see,hear,watch,observe,notice,feel以及l(fā)ook at,listen to等。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
Paul doesn't have to be made ________. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running
C. being run D. to run
答案:B
四、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)
不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞都可以作定語(yǔ)。
1. 不定式作定語(yǔ)多和被修飾的名詞具有"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系",即被修飾的名詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者;如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,就要在不定式動(dòng)詞后面加上相應(yīng)的介詞。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
There are five pairs ________, but I'm at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing
答案:B
2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)多和被修飾的名詞具有"主謂關(guān)系",即現(xiàn)在分詞用主動(dòng)式時(shí),被修飾的名詞正在執(zhí)行其動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在分詞用被動(dòng)式時(shí),被修飾的名詞正在承受其動(dòng)作;過去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其所修飾的名詞有"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系",表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)或完成的動(dòng)作。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
①The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
②Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
答案:① A ② C
五、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)
能作狀語(yǔ)的有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。不定式短語(yǔ)放在句首多作目的狀語(yǔ),在句末多作原因狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)放在句首多作原因、條件、時(shí)間等狀語(yǔ),在句末多作方式、伴隨狀語(yǔ),也可作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。過去分詞短語(yǔ)放在句首多表示時(shí)間、條件、原因等,放在句末表示對(duì)前面的情況起補(bǔ)充說明作用,同時(shí)與句子主語(yǔ)具有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
①________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
②The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ________ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
③ ________ by the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
④ "We can't go out in this weather,"said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
答案:① C ② B ③ B ④ A
六、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作表語(yǔ)
不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞都可作表語(yǔ),具體用法詳見本報(bào)第3期、第5期和第6期。
[原題再現(xiàn)]
Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you can't have time to ________ before the party.
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
答案:A
七、考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)與句式
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除了上述幾種用法外,還可以用在以下幾種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)與句式中。
1. "疑問詞 + 不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)
[原題再現(xiàn)]
It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.
A. it what to do with
B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it
D. to do what with it
答案:C
2. with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
[原題再現(xiàn)]
①With a lot of difficult problems ________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
②It was a pity that the great writer died ________ his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
答案:① C ② B